Amnesty International USA answers emphatically “No.” It asserts in a report issued last week that law enforcement’s “use of race, religion, country of origin, or ethnic and religious appearance as a proxy for criminal suspicion” has harmed some 32 million persons in the United States. It even claims that this practice “undermines national security.”
Law enforcement, of course, categorically denies any form of profiling. But I agree with Amnesty International that profiling takes place. Specifically, law enforcement has held terrorist suspects for whom there is no probable cause to arrest by calling them “material witnesses” to a crime.
Consider the case of Abdullah al Kidd, an American convert to Islam who was held by US authorities as a material witness for two weeks in early 2003, then released. Asked why he was held, Norm Brown, an FBI supervisor, cited three “red flags”: First there was Kidd's having listed on a website “jihad” as an interest, which the FBI interpreted as a reference to a holy war. Then there was Kidd's having “sold tapes and books containing the teachings of radical sheikhs” when he lived in Idaho. And finally the fact that Kidd owned a video that “had to do with the hijacking and terrorist events on September 11, 2001.”
But I, a specialist on militant Islam, engage on a routine basis in all three of Kidd's “red-flag” activities. My website reveals a keen interest in jihad; I have personally and institutionally disseminated the teachings of radical sheikhs; and I have assembled an archive of materials about 9/11. As a non-Muslim, however, these activities have (so far) not aroused suspicions.
Clearly, Kidd was held in part because of his Islamic identity. Nor was he the only Muslim in the United States whose religion was a factor in his arrest.
Ayub Ali Khan and Jaweed Azmath, two Indian Muslims, were arrested on 9/12 while riding in a train and carrying about $5,000 in cash, black hair dye and boxcutters. They were detained for a year on suspicion of being part of the 9/11 operation. Eventually exonerated and freed, they claimed to have been profiled. This is self-evidently correct; had the two not been Muslim, the police would have had little interest in them and their boxcutters.
In the case of Brandon Mayfield, the FBI had fifteen fingerprints that it thought might match the one sent from Spain and connected to the bombings there on March 11, 2004. Of the fifteen potential suspects, it zeroed in on the Muslim, namely Mayfield, perhaps because of his multiple connections to Islamists and jihadists. Mayfield was released after sixteen days in prison, when the fingerprint match proved faulty.
Abdallah Higazy was suspected of owning an air-to-ground transceiver found in a hotel across the street from the fallen World Trade Center; he was detained for a month before a pilot claimed the transceiver.
More broadly, Anjana Malhotra notes that of the 57 people detained as material witnesses in connection with terrorism investigations, “All but one of the material witness arrests were of Muslims.” In the murky area of pre-empting terrorism, in short, it matters who one is. So, yes, profiling emphatically does take place.
Which is how it should be. The 9/11 commission noted that Islamist terrorism is the “catastrophic threat” facing the United States and, with the very rarest of exceptions, only Muslims engage in Islamist terrorism. It would therefore be a mistake to devote as much attention to non-Muslims as to Muslims.
Further, Amnesty International ignores that some instances of preemptive jailing have worked. It has foiled terrorism (Mohammed Junaid Babar, Maher Hawash, Zakaria Soubra, James Ujaama) and dealt with other crimes (Mohdar Abdullah, Nabil Almarabh, Omar Bakarbashat, Soliman S. Biheiri, Muhammad Al-Qudhai'een).
Further, many material witness cases yet to be decided could lead to convictions, such as those of Ismael Selim Elbarasse, Mohamad Kamal Elzahabi, Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, Jose Padilla, Uzair Paracha, and Mohammed Abdullah Warsame.
Amnesty International has laid down the gauntlet, placing a higher priority on civil liberties than on protection from Islamist terrorism. In contrast, I worry more about mega-terrorism — say, a dirty bomb in midtown Manhattan — than an innocent person spending time in jail.
Profiling is emerging as the single most contentious issue in the current war. Western governmental authorities need to stop hiding behind pious denials and candidly address this issue.
Daniel Pipes is director of the Middle East Forum and the author of several books, most recently Militant Islam Reaches America. You may visit his website by clicking here and purchase his books by clicking here.
(This article courtesy of the Middle East Forum.)
